Cold-air outbreaks refer to periods of exceptionally cold air moving from polar or arctic regions into mid-latitudes, resulting in significant drops in temperature and potentially severe weather conditions. These outbreaks can lead to extreme cold temperatures, strong winds, and heavy snowfall in affected regions. Cold-air outbreaks are often associated with the polar vortex, a large circulation of air that typically resides over the poles but can be disrupted and push cold air southward. Understanding the mechanisms and patterns of cold-air outbreaks is important for forecasting and preparing for extreme winter weather events.